Sodium and chloride are electrolytes that contribute to the maintenance of concentration and charge differences across cell membranes. As such, they play critical roles in a number of life-sustaining processes. Sodium (Na +) and chloride (Cl -) are the principal ions in the extracellular compartment, which includes blood plasma, interstitial fluid (fluid between cells), and transcellular fluid (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluid). Although this review emphasizes the function and requirements of sodium, sodium and chloride ions work together to control extracellular volume and blood pressure (1). Multiple mechanisms work in concert to tightly regulate the body's sodium and chloride concentrations.
Total body chloride averages 2,310 mmol (~82 g), of which 70% is distributed in the extracellular fluid and the remaining is found in the collagen of connective tissue (1). Total body sodium in an average 70-kg person is of about 4,200 mmol (~100 g), of which 40% is found in bone and 60% in the fluid inside and outside of cells (1). Salt (sodium chloride) is essential for life. (More information)Īdditional adverse health outcomes, including gastric cancer, osteoporosis, and kidney stones, have also been linked to sodium overconsumption. Yet, current evidence fails to support a decrease in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with moderate sodium restriction in patients with hypertension. Randomized controlled studies demonstrated that dietary sodium reduction (by 1.8 to 3.2 g/day) could lower blood pressure in subjects with elevated blood pressure. (More information)Įxcess dietary sodium is a major contributor to hypertension, which is a leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Sodium has been identified as a nutrient of public health concern for overconsumption. (More information)Ĭurrent sodium intakes of the US adult population far exceed the CDRR. The National Academy of Medicine established a Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) for sodium of 2.3 g/day (5.8 g/day of salt) for adults based on evidence of potential long-term health benefits on blood pressure and risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease associated with reducing sodium intakes below this level. In 2019, the National Academy of Medicine established an adequate intake ( AI) for sodium of 1.5 grams (g)/day in adults, equivalent to 3.8 g/day of sodium chloride (salt). Mild chronic hyponatremia with long-term adverse health effects, such as attention deficits, gait instability, falls, and bone loss and fractures, has been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. (More information)Īcute severe hyponatremia may lead to brain edema with neurologic consequences and be lethal if not promptly diagnosed and treated.
Hyponatremia also occurs in up to 30% of hospitalized patients. Hyponatremia (abnormally low sodium concentrations in blood) is common among older adults and in individuals with hypertension, kidney disease, and heart disease. Various mechanisms act on the kidney to ensure that the amount of sodium lost via renal excretion compensates adequately for the amount of sodium consumed, thereby maintaining sodium homeostasis. Disturbances in sodium concentrations in the extracellular fluid are associated with disorders of water balance.
Sodium and chloride - major electrolytes of the fluid compartment outside of cells (i.e., extracellular) - work together to control extracellular volume and blood pressure.
#EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME EXCESS PROFESSIONAL#
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